Essential Oils Data Library: INCI, Key Constituents, Safe Usage Rates and Flash Points

This library lists the INCI name, plant part, extraction method, main constituents, typical leave-on usage rates, approximate flash point and key safety notes for the 23 essential oils and absolutes sold by The Skin Science Company. All values are typical ranges drawn from published literature, IFRA guidance and supplier data, and they vary by batch, origin and processing, so always check the batch COA and SDS for exact figures.

How to use this library

  • Start with the composition table to compare INCI names, extraction methods and main constituents.
  • Use the usage and safety table for typical maximum leave-on rates for face and body products. Rinse-off products can usually carry more.
  • Read usage rates as upper guides for a single oil. When you blend several oils, the total and each oil's own limit both apply.
  • Flash points are approximate closed-cup values for storage and shipping planning. Use the figure on your batch SDS for compliance.
  • Read the section for each oil for context, then follow the links to the product and wholesale pages, where COA and SDS documents are available on request.

Essential oils at a glance: composition

Essential oil INCI Plant part and extraction Main constituents (typical %) Aroma
Bergamot Essential Oil Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Peel Oil Peel; typically cold-pressed Limonene 30 to 45%; linalyl acetate 22 to 36%; linalool 3 to 15%; bergapten 0.1 to 0.4% (unless FCF) Fresh, sweet citrus with a soft floral edge
Camphor White Essential Oil Cinnamomum Camphora Oil Wood; typically steam-distilled and fractionated (white is the light fraction) 1,8-cineole, limonene and α-pinene dominate; proportions vary by fraction, check the COA Sharp, clean, camphoraceous and medicinal
Cedarwood Essential Oil (Atlas) Cedrus Atlantica Wood Oil Wood; typically steam-distilled β-himachalene 30 to 45%; α-himachalene 10 to 17%; γ-himachalene 6 to 10% Warm, dry, woody and slightly sweet
Citronella Essential Oil (Java) Cymbopogon Winterianus Leaf Oil Leaves and stems; steam-distilled Citronellal 30 to 45%; geraniol 20 to 25%; citronellol 9 to 15% Bright, lemony, grassy and green
Clove Bud Essential Oil Eugenia Caryophyllus Bud Oil Flower buds; steam-distilled Eugenol 75 to 88%; eugenyl acetate 4 to 15%; β-caryophyllene 2 to 7% Warm, sweet, spicy
Eucalyptus Essential Oil (Globulus) Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil Leaves; steam-distilled 1,8-cineole 65 to 85%; α-pinene 4 to 15%; limonene 2 to 8% Fresh, sharp, camphoraceous
Frankincense Essential Oil Boswellia Serrata Oil Resin; steam-distilled α-thujene, α-pinene and limonene are typical major components; proportions vary widely by origin and species, check the COA Warm, resinous, fresh and slightly citrus
Grapefruit Pink Essential Oil Citrus Paradisi Peel Oil Peel; cold-pressed Limonene 84 to 95%; myrcene 1 to 3%; nootkatone 0.1 to 0.8% Bright, juicy, bittersweet citrus
Lavender Essential Oil Lavandula Angustifolia Oil Flowering tops; steam-distilled Linalool 25 to 45%; linalyl acetate 25 to 47%; terpinen-4-ol up to 8% Fresh, floral, herbaceous
Lemon Essential Oil Citrus Limon Peel Oil Peel; cold-pressed Limonene 56 to 78%; β-pinene 7 to 16%; γ-terpinene 6 to 12%; citral (neral and geranial) 1.5 to 4% Sharp, clean, zesty citrus
Lemongrass Essential Oil Cymbopogon Citratus Oil Leaves; steam-distilled Geranial 35 to 50%; neral 25 to 35%; myrcene up to 18% Strong, fresh, lemony and grassy
Lime Essential Oil Citrus Aurantifolia Peel Oil Peel; cold-pressed Limonene 45 to 60%; β-pinene 10 to 20%; γ-terpinene 8 to 12%; citral 2 to 6% Tart, zesty, green citrus
Mandarin Essential Oil Citrus Reticulata Peel Oil Peel; cold-pressed Limonene 65 to 75%; γ-terpinene 16 to 22%; methyl N-methylanthranilate 0.3 to 0.6% Sweet, soft, juicy citrus
Orange Sweet Essential Oil Citrus Sinensis Peel Oil Peel; cold-pressed Limonene 90 to 96%; myrcene 1 to 3% Sweet, warm, fresh orange
Patchouli Essential Oil Pogostemon Cablin Leaf Oil Leaves (typically dried and fermented); steam-distilled Patchoulol 25 to 40%; α-bulnesene 10 to 20%; α-guaiene 10 to 15% Deep, earthy, musty and sweet
Peppermint Essential Oil Mentha Piperita Oil Leaves; steam-distilled Menthol 30 to 50%; menthone 14 to 32%; menthyl acetate 2 to 10%; 1,8-cineole 3 to 8% Fresh, sharp, minty
Rosemary Essential Oil Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Oil Leaves; steam-distilled 1,8-cineole 15 to 55%; camphor 5 to 22%; α-pinene 9 to 26% (ranges depend on chemotype) Fresh, herbal, camphoraceous
Spearmint Essential Oil Mentha Spicata Leaf Oil Leaves; steam-distilled Carvone 55 to 70%; limonene 10 to 25% Sweet, soft mint
Tangerine Essential Oil Citrus Reticulata Peel Oil Peel; cold-pressed Limonene 85 to 94%; γ-terpinene 2 to 6%; myrcene 1 to 3% Sweet, tangy, bright citrus
Tea Tree Essential Oil Melaleuca Alternifolia Leaf Oil Leaves; steam-distilled Terpinen-4-ol 35 to 48%; γ-terpinene 14 to 28%; α-terpinene 6 to 12%; 1,8-cineole up to 15% Fresh, sharp, herbal
Ylang Ylang Essential Oil Cananga Odorata Flower Oil Flowers; typically steam-distilled (often fractionated into grades) Linalool, benzyl acetate, germacrene D and β-caryophyllene are typical major components; percentages vary by grade, check the COA Rich, sweet, heady floral
Yuzu Essential Oil Citrus Junos Peel Oil Peel; steam-distilled Limonene 60 to 80%; γ-terpinene 8 to 15% Fresh citrus with soft floral notes
Blue Lotus Absolute Nymphaea Caerulea Flower Extract Petals; solvent extraction (absolute, hexane-free) Varies; absolutes are complex and batch dependent, check the COA Soft, sweet floral with earthy undertones

Essential oils at a glance: usage and safety

Essential oil Face, leave-on (typical max) Body, leave-on (typical max) Flash point (approx.) Safety notes
Bergamot Essential Oil Up to 0.4% Up to 0.4% Approx. 50 to 60 °C Phototoxic when cold-pressed. Keep at or below 0.4% in leave-on skin products unless the COA confirms a bergapten-free (FCF) grade.
Camphor White Essential Oil varies varies Approx. 45 to 50 °C Commonly advised to avoid in pregnancy, with epilepsy and on or near the face of babies and young children. Use low levels and follow the batch SDS.
Cedarwood Essential Oil (Atlas) 0.5 to 1% 1 to 2% Above 90 °C (approx.) Low risk at normal use levels. Atlas cedarwood is a different oil from Virginian or Texas cedarwood, so check the INCI when comparing data.
Citronella Essential Oil (Java) Up to 0.5% Up to 1% varies Contains citronellal, geraniol and citronellol, which are listed fragrance allergens. Can sensitise if used at high levels or once oxidised.
Clove Bud Essential Oil Up to 0.5% Up to 0.5% Above 100 °C (approx.) Known skin sensitiser and mucous membrane irritant because of its high eugenol content. SSC advises avoiding use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Eucalyptus Essential Oil (Globulus) 0.5 to 1% 1 to 2% Approx. 45 to 50 °C Do not apply on or near the face of babies and young children because of its high 1,8-cineole content.
Frankincense Essential Oil 0.5 to 1% 1 to 2% varies Low risk when fresh. Its monoterpenes can oxidise, so store cool, dark and tightly closed and use within its shelf life.
Grapefruit Pink Essential Oil 0.5 to 1% 1 to 2% (max 4% leave-on) Approx. 45 to 50 °C Mildly phototoxic when cold-pressed. Keep at or below 4% in leave-on skin products. Oxidised limonene can sensitise.
Lavender Essential Oil 0.5 to 1% 1 to 2% Approx. 65 to 75 °C Low risk when fresh. Linalool and linalyl acetate can oxidise into sensitisers, so store well and consider an antioxidant in finished products.
Lemon Essential Oil Up to 1% Up to 2% Approx. 45 to 50 °C Phototoxic when cold-pressed. Keep at or below 2% in leave-on skin products. Oxidised limonene can sensitise.
Lemongrass Essential Oil Up to 0.5% Up to 0.7% varies High in citral, a known skin sensitiser that IFRA restricts. Keep leave-on use at or below 0.7%. Often advised to use with caution in pregnancy.
Lime Essential Oil Up to 0.5% Up to 0.7% Approx. 45 to 50 °C Phototoxic when cold-pressed. Keep at or below 0.7% in leave-on skin products. Rinse-off products are not restricted for phototoxicity.
Mandarin Essential Oil 0.5 to 1% 1 to 2% Approx. 45 to 50 °C Not considered meaningfully phototoxic at normal use levels. Oxidised limonene can sensitise, so store well.
Orange Sweet Essential Oil 0.5 to 1% 1 to 2% Approx. 45 to 50 °C Not considered phototoxic. Oxidised limonene can sensitise, so keep the bottle tightly closed and away from heat and light.
Patchouli Essential Oil 0.5 to 1% 1 to 2% Above 100 °C (approx.) Low risk at normal use levels.
Peppermint Essential Oil Up to 0.5% 0.5 to 1% Approx. 60 to 70 °C Do not apply on or near the face of babies and young children. SSC advises avoiding use during pregnancy and breastfeeding unless advised by a health professional.
Rosemary Essential Oil Up to 0.5% 0.5 to 1% Approx. 40 to 45 °C SSC advises avoiding use during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and with epilepsy or high blood pressure. Not for use on or near the face of young children.
Spearmint Essential Oil Up to 0.5% 0.5 to 1% Approx. 60 to 70 °C Carvone can sensitise in some people. Gentler and sweeter than peppermint, with little menthol.
Tangerine Essential Oil 0.5 to 1% 1 to 2% Approx. 45 to 50 °C Not considered meaningfully phototoxic at normal use levels. Oxidised limonene can sensitise.
Tea Tree Essential Oil 0.5 to 2% 1 to 2% Approx. 55 to 65 °C Oxidised tea tree oil is a recognised sensitiser, so store cool, dark and tightly closed. SSC advises avoiding use during pregnancy and breastfeeding unless advised by a health professional.
Ylang Ylang Essential Oil Up to 0.5% Up to 0.8% varies A known sensitiser that IFRA restricts. Keep leave-on use at or below 0.8%.
Yuzu Essential Oil 0.5 to 1% 1 to 2% Approx. 45 to 50 °C Steam-distilled citrus oils are not phototoxic because furocoumarins do not distil over. Oxidised limonene can sensitise.
Blue Lotus Absolute 0.1 to 1% 0.5 to 3% varies An absolute, not an essential oil. Patch test and follow the batch SDS.

Phototoxic citrus oils and the IFRA limit

Some cold-pressed citrus oils contain furocoumarins such as bergapten, which can cause skin reactions when skin they are applied to is exposed to sunlight. IFRA limits furocoumarins, measured as bergapten, to 15 ppm (0.0015%) in finished leave-on skin products. In practice that works out to roughly 0.4% for cold-pressed bergamot, 0.7% for lime, 2% for lemon and 4% for grapefruit (Tisserand and Young), unless the oil is a bergapten-free (FCF) or distilled grade. Rinse-off products and products that do not stay on sun-exposed skin are not restricted for phototoxicity. Sweet orange, mandarin, tangerine and steam-distilled yuzu are not considered meaningfully phototoxic.

Bergamot Essential Oil

Bergamot is the classic top note in colognes and fresh blends. Standard cold-pressed bergamot is the most phototoxic citrus oil in this library, so check the COA for bergapten content or FCF status before using it in leave-on skin products. INCI: Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Peel Oil. Typical leave-on use: face up to 0.4%, body up to 0.4%.

Shop Bergamot Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Bergamot Essential Oil wholesale page.

Camphor White Essential Oil

White camphor is the lighter fraction of camphor oil and is mostly used in rubs, foot products and room blends for its cooling, clean scent. Composition varies with the fraction, so we have not given fixed constituent ranges or usage rates here; use the batch COA and SDS. INCI: Cinnamomum Camphora Oil. Typical leave-on use: face varies (see SDS), body varies (see SDS).

Shop Camphor White Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Camphor White Essential Oil wholesale page.

Cedarwood Essential Oil (Atlas)

Atlas cedarwood is a base note that anchors woody, masculine and grounding blends, and is popular in beard oils and scalp products. Its high boiling sesquiterpenes give it a slow evaporation rate and a high flash point. INCI: Cedrus Atlantica Wood Oil. Typical leave-on use: face 0.5 to 1%, body 1 to 2%.

Shop Cedarwood Essential Oil (Atlas) or buy bulk sizes on the Cedarwood Essential Oil (Atlas) wholesale page.

Citronella Essential Oil (Java)

Java citronella is mainly used for its fresh, lemony scent in candles, room sprays and outdoor products. In skin products keep levels low and declare the allergens it carries. INCI: Cymbopogon Winterianus Leaf Oil. Typical leave-on use: face up to 0.5%, body up to 1%.

Shop Citronella Essential Oil (Java) or buy bulk sizes on the Citronella Essential Oil (Java) wholesale page.

Clove Bud Essential Oil

Clove bud oil is a strong spice note used in small amounts in gourmand, festive and spiced blends. Its high eugenol content means it must be well diluted, and eugenol is a declarable fragrance allergen. INCI: Eugenia Caryophyllus Bud Oil. Typical leave-on use: face up to 0.5%, body up to 0.5%.

Shop Clove Bud Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Clove Bud Essential Oil wholesale page.

Eucalyptus Essential Oil (Globulus)

Eucalyptus globulus is a fresh, clean top note used in shower products, bath salts, chest balms and room blends. It pairs well with peppermint, rosemary and tea tree. INCI: Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil. Typical leave-on use: face 0.5 to 1%, body 1 to 2%.

Shop Eucalyptus Essential Oil (Globulus) or buy bulk sizes on the Eucalyptus Essential Oil (Globulus) wholesale page.

Frankincense Essential Oil

SSC's frankincense is Boswellia serrata, which has a different profile from Boswellia carterii or sacra, so published data for one species does not carry over to another. It is used for its warm, resinous note in face oils, balms and natural perfume. INCI: Boswellia Serrata Oil. Typical leave-on use: face 0.5 to 1%, body 1 to 2%.

Shop Frankincense Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Frankincense Essential Oil wholesale page.

Grapefruit Pink Essential Oil

Pink grapefruit gives a sparkling, fresh top note to body oils, scrubs and washes. It is far less phototoxic than bergamot or lime, but the 4% leave-on ceiling still applies to cold-pressed oil. INCI: Citrus Paradisi Peel Oil. Typical leave-on use: face 0.5 to 1%, body 1 to 2% (max 4% leave-on).

Shop Grapefruit Pink Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Grapefruit Pink Essential Oil wholesale page.

Lavender Essential Oil

True lavender is the most versatile oil in the range and blends with almost anything, from citrus to woods. Linalool is a declarable fragrance allergen, so it needs to appear on labels above the threshold in your market. INCI: Lavandula Angustifolia Oil. Typical leave-on use: face 0.5 to 1%, body 1 to 2%.

Shop Lavender Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Lavender Essential Oil wholesale page.

Lemon Essential Oil

Cold-pressed lemon is a bright top note for washes, scrubs and home products. For leave-on face and body products keep within the 2% limit or choose a distilled or FCF lemon. INCI: Citrus Limon Peel Oil. Typical leave-on use: face up to 1%, body up to 2%.

Shop Lemon Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Lemon Essential Oil wholesale page.

Lemongrass Essential Oil

Lemongrass gives a strong lemon scent at low levels, which makes it popular in soaps, candles and fresh body products. Its citral content is the main reason to keep leave-on levels low. INCI: Cymbopogon Citratus Oil. Typical leave-on use: face up to 0.5%, body up to 0.7%.

Shop Lemongrass Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Lemongrass Essential Oil wholesale page.

Lime Essential Oil

Cold-pressed lime is one of the more phototoxic citrus oils, second only to bergamot in this library. It works well in rinse-off products, candles and home fragrance where the leave-on limit does not apply. INCI: Citrus Aurantifolia Peel Oil. Typical leave-on use: face up to 0.5%, body up to 0.7%.

Shop Lime Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Lime Essential Oil wholesale page.

Mandarin Essential Oil

Mandarin is one of the gentlest citrus oils and is often chosen for products aimed at sensitive skin. Its trace of methyl N-methylanthranilate gives it a distinctive sweet, slightly floral note. INCI: Citrus Reticulata Peel Oil. Typical leave-on use: face 0.5 to 1%, body 1 to 2%.

Shop Mandarin Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Mandarin Essential Oil wholesale page.

Orange Sweet Essential Oil

Sweet orange is the most widely used citrus oil in soaps, candles and body care thanks to its friendly scent and low cost. Unlike bergamot or lime it carries no phototoxicity limit. INCI: Citrus Sinensis Peel Oil. Typical leave-on use: face 0.5 to 1%, body 1 to 2%.

Shop Orange Sweet Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Orange Sweet Essential Oil wholesale page.

Patchouli Essential Oil

Patchouli is a heavy base note that fixes lighter oils and improves with age. A small amount changes a blend, so build it in slowly. INCI: Pogostemon Cablin Leaf Oil. Typical leave-on use: face 0.5 to 1%, body 1 to 2%.

Shop Patchouli Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Patchouli Essential Oil wholesale page.

Peppermint Essential Oil

Peppermint gives a cooling feel from its natural menthol and is a favourite in foot creams, lip balms and scalp products. Keep it away from the eye area. INCI: Mentha Piperita Oil. Typical leave-on use: face up to 0.5%, body 0.5 to 1%.

Shop Peppermint Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Peppermint Essential Oil wholesale page.

Rosemary Essential Oil

Rosemary is the go-to essential oil for scalp oils, shampoos and conditioners. Its composition depends on chemotype (cineole, camphor or verbenone types), so check the COA for the batch profile. INCI: Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Oil. Typical leave-on use: face up to 0.5%, body 0.5 to 1%.

Shop Rosemary Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Rosemary Essential Oil wholesale page.

Spearmint Essential Oil

Spearmint gives a sweeter, softer mint note than peppermint without the strong cooling effect. It suits lip products, toothpaste-style flavours and fresh body care. INCI: Mentha Spicata Leaf Oil. Typical leave-on use: face up to 0.5%, body 0.5 to 1%.

Shop Spearmint Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Spearmint Essential Oil wholesale page.

Tangerine Essential Oil

Tangerine is close to mandarin but brighter and more orange-like. It blends easily with florals, vanilla and spice. INCI: Citrus Reticulata Peel Oil. Typical leave-on use: face 0.5 to 1%, body 1 to 2%.

Shop Tangerine Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Tangerine Essential Oil wholesale page.

Tea Tree Essential Oil

Australian tea tree is widely used in products for oily and blemish-prone skin, scalp care and cleansers. The ranges shown follow the ISO 4730 standard for tea tree oil. INCI: Melaleuca Alternifolia Leaf Oil. Typical leave-on use: face 0.5 to 2%, body 1 to 2%.

Shop Tea Tree Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Tea Tree Essential Oil wholesale page.

Ylang Ylang Essential Oil

Ylang ylang is a powerful floral heart note used in perfume oils, body products and soap. Extra, I, II, III and complete grades differ a lot in composition, which is why we show components rather than fixed ranges. INCI: Cananga Odorata Flower Oil. Typical leave-on use: face up to 0.5%, body up to 0.8%.

Shop Ylang Ylang Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Ylang Ylang Essential Oil wholesale page.

Yuzu Essential Oil

Yuzu gives a more refined, floral citrus note than lemon or orange. Because SSC's yuzu is steam-distilled, it has no phototoxicity limit in leave-on products. INCI: Citrus Junos Peel Oil. Typical leave-on use: face 0.5 to 1%, body 1 to 2%.

Shop Yuzu Essential Oil or buy bulk sizes on the Yuzu Essential Oil wholesale page.

Blue Lotus Absolute

Blue lotus is labelled as an absolute, which is made by solvent extraction rather than distillation and captures delicate floral notes. It is used at low levels in luxury face oils, balms and natural perfume. INCI: Nymphaea Caerulea Flower Extract. Typical leave-on use: face 0.1 to 1%, body 0.5 to 3%.

Shop Blue Lotus Absolute.

Frequently asked questions

Which essential oils are phototoxic?

In this library, cold-pressed bergamot, lime, lemon and pink grapefruit are phototoxic. Typical leave-on limits are about 0.4% for bergamot, 0.7% for lime, 2% for lemon and 4% for grapefruit, unless the oil is a bergapten-free (FCF) or distilled grade. Sweet orange, mandarin, tangerine and steam-distilled yuzu are not considered meaningfully phototoxic.

How much essential oil can I use in a face product?

Most essential oils in this library sit at 0.5 to 1% in leave-on face products. Stronger or more sensitising oils such as peppermint, rosemary, spearmint, clove bud, lemongrass, citronella and ylang ylang are usually kept at or below 0.5%. Phototoxic citrus oils have their own lower limits.

What is the main constituent of tea tree oil?

Terpinen-4-ol is the main constituent, typically 35 to 48% under the ISO 4730 standard. Gamma-terpinene (14 to 28%) and alpha-terpinene (6 to 12%) follow, and 1,8-cineole is kept to 15% or less.

Which essential oils have the lowest flash points?

Rosemary (approx. 40 to 45 °C), eucalyptus and the cold-pressed citrus oils (approx. 45 to 50 °C) have the lowest flash points in this library, because they are rich in volatile monoterpenes such as limonene and alpha-pinene. Clove bud and patchouli sit above 100 °C. Always use the flash point on the batch SDS for storage and shipping decisions.

Which essential oils are commonly avoided in pregnancy?

SSC advises avoiding clove bud, peppermint, rosemary and tea tree during pregnancy and breastfeeding unless a health professional advises otherwise, and camphor is commonly avoided too. Lemongrass is often listed for caution. Anyone pregnant should get individual advice before using essential oils on skin.

What is the difference between an essential oil and an absolute?

Essential oils are made by steam distillation or, for citrus peels, cold pressing. Absolutes such as blue lotus are made by solvent extraction, which captures delicate floral compounds that do not survive distillation. Absolutes are usually more viscous and are used at lower levels.

Sources and method

Values in this library are typical ranges compiled from well-known reference sources and SSC supplier documentation. They are a starting point for formulation and comparison, not a specification. Where published data is limited or the oil varies widely by grade or chemotype, we show "varies" rather than estimate a figure.

  • IFRA Standards, International Fragrance Association (current amendment), including the furocoumarin guidance.
  • Tisserand R. and Young R., Essential Oil Safety, 2nd edition, Churchill Livingstone, 2014.
  • ISO 4730, Essential oil of Melaleuca, terpinen-4-ol type (tea tree oil), and ISO 3515, Essential oil of lavender.
  • EU Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, Annex III fragrance allergen entries.
  • Supplier certificates of analysis (COA), safety data sheets (SDS) and allergen declarations for SSC stock.

Usage rates are typical maximums for leave-on cosmetic products and are not a substitute for a cosmetic safety assessment of your finished formula. Last reviewed October 2026.

← Older Post Newer Post →

Leave a comment

Ingredient Library

RSS

Carrier Oils and Butters Data Library: Fatty Acid Profiles, Comedogenic Ratings and Shelf Life

This library lists typical fatty acid profiles, commonly quoted comedogenic ratings, texture, shelf life, melting points and usage rates for the 115 carrier oils and...

Read more

Mandarin Essential Oil in Skincare: A Formulator's Guide

Mandarin Essential Oil is one of the gentler citrus oils in cosmetic formulation — and that distinction matters more than it might initially seem. While...

Read more